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Cleveland Salter Rockwell was an American topographical engineer, cartographer, military officer, investor, and landscape painter. He spent his professional career as a survey engineer in the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey. Rockwell conducted numerous coastal surveys and mapped harbors and river systems on the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the United States. He also surveyed areas in South America. During the American Civil War, Rockwell served as a Captain in the Union Army. After retiring from the Coastal Survey, he became a successful investor and landscape painter. Today, Cleveland Rockwell’s topographical maps are important historical documents and his art work is well known in the Pacific Northwest. ==Early life== Rockwell was born on November 24, 1837 in Youngstown, Ohio. His parents were Edward Rockwell and Matilda du Plessis Salter Rockwell. His father was a successful lawyer and businessman. The Rockwell moved to Cleveland with his family in 1852 when his father became treasurer of the Cleveland and Pittsburgh Railroad.〔Stenzel, Franz, ''Cleveland Rockwell Scientist and Artist 1837–1907'', Oregon Historical Society, Portland, Oregon, 1972, pp. 1-2.〕〔("Biography for Cleveland Rockwell" ), ''AskART The Artists’ Bluebook'', Scottsdale, Arizona, ''www.askart.com'', November 21, 2009.〕 In 1854, Rockwell entered Troy Academy in Troy, New York, a technical predatory school for Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. He studied cartography and related subjects at Troy before transferring to the University of the City of New York in New York City, where he studied mechanical engineering. He then accepted a professional appointment to the United States Coastal Survey (later known as the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey), one of the oldest scientific bureaus in the Federal Government.〔〔Stenzel, Franz, ''Cleveland Rockwell Scientist and Artist 1837–1907'', Oregon Historical Society, Portland, Oregon, 1972, p. 5.〕〔("The Artist of the Northwest" ), ''The Cleveland Rockwell Website'', Braarud Fine Art, ''www.clevelandrockwell.com'', November 22, 2009.〕 Rockwell’s service in the Coastal Survey began in July 1856, as a survey aid. He received a salary of $15 per month plus room and board.〔 His first assignment was a field survey of parts of New York Harbor and several islands in the East River including Rikers Island. During the survey, Rockwell’s supervisor was called away on another job, leaving Rockwell in charge of the survey team and support vessel. When winter ended the field work, Rockwell made careful hand-drawn maps of the harbor using the field data his team had collected. Alexander D. Bache, Superintendent of the Coastal Survey, mentioned Rockwell's work in the bureau's 1857 report to Congress.〔〔Stenzel, Franz, ''Cleveland Rockwell Scientist and Artist 1837–1907'', Oregon Historical Society, Portland, Oregon, 1972, pp. 6-7.〕 In 1858, Rockwell worked on a survey of Charleston Harbor in South Carolina. The following year, he helped survey the South Carolina shoreline near the Savannah River. In December 1859, his supervisor died suddenly. In January 1860, he was officially put in charge of the Port Royal-Savannah River field survey. His team completed the assigned field work by May, surveying 190 miles of coastline in less than six month. Once again, Rockwell was cited in Superintendent’s annual report for his excellent field work.〔 The 1861 the coastal survey projects along the South Carolina and Georgia coasts were canceled because of political tensions between southern states and the Federal Government. Rockwell spent that winter finishing his South Carolina coastal maps. After South Carolina fired on Fort Sumter on April 12, 1861, his new charts of Charleston and Port Royal harbors and the South Carolina coastline became important to the United States Navy as they planned their blockade of southern ports. His charts of Port Royal Sound allowed Captain Samuel Du Pont to replace the channel markers destroyed by Confederate forces prior to his naval bombardment of Fort Walker. This led to the surrender of the fort and the occupation of Port Royal in November 1861.〔Stenzel, Franz, ''Cleveland Rockwell Scientist and Artist 1837–1907'', Oregon Historical Society, Portland, Oregon, 1972, p. 9-11.〕〔Theberge, Albert E. (Captain, NOAA Corps), ("The Coastal Survey and Naval Operation During the Civil War" ), ''The Coastal Survey 1807-1867'' (Volume 1), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, September 9, 1998.〕〔Foote, Shelby, ''The Civil War a Narrative Fort Sumter to Perryville'', Vintage Books, Random House, New York, New York, 1986. pp. 116-120.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Cleveland S. Rockwell」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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